Outline the processes of evolution Essay Example for Free

Outline the processes of evolution Essay Outline the processes of evolution and explain how theory of mind is an adaptation resulting from the selective forces that have operated during evolution. Evolutionary psychologists endeavour to understand how animal and human behaviour evolved and the adaptive functions that these behaviours would have had over time. They reflect on ultimate explanations and look for the reasons why such phenomena exist and how this helps to ensure that our genes (the structures containing DNA sequences) are passed to future generations through the process of sexual reproduction. Evolutionary psychology is concerned with identifying which behaviours and psychological traits are adaptive and the function which the latter fulfil. Evolutionary psychologists do not, therefore, look for causal explanations regarding behaviour, but are concerned instead with functional explanations. By researching evolved characteristics and abilities they try to uncover within the processes of evolution how the human mind works, and ultimately how societies function. They conclude that our current physiology and psychology still demonstrate a decisive interplay between adaptations and environments on an evolutionary timescale (Clegg, 2007 pp. 161-2). The theory of evolution is in the most part derived from the work of Charles Darwin (1809-1892). Following many years of painstaking research, most notably surrounding his study of species of the Galapagos Islands, he arrived at the theory that species have gradually evolved from common ancestors. He researched the possible processes through which evolutionary change could have occurred and argued that there is a strong relationship between genes and environment, whereby genes that allow for traits most suited to dealing with changes in the environment will be selected for. Darwin recognized how important sexual reproduction (where genes are passed to the next generation) is for creating variation, and that inherited characteristics and genetic variation are open to random changes. However, the forces of natural selection have effect on these changes enabling the mechanisms that ensure the organism is better able to survive within their environment are selected for, and consequently more likely to be passed onto the next generation. The processes of selection occur over extremely long periods of time. Hominoids (the family containing primates) evolved around 22 to 31 million years ago, with humans appearing very recently on the evolutionary timescale somewhere between 150,000-200,000 years ago. We should note also that since it is the genes that endure over time, selection refers not to the survival of the individual or indeed of the species, but to the survival of the genes. Evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins noted that People act as vehicles to contain the genes, and these are passed on when they reproduce (as cited in Clegg 2007, p 121). Humans, being highly social creatures, require psychological mechanisms that enable them to successfully interact within the social environment. For example, being able to guess what another person is thinking in order to predict how they might behave, or understanding others behaviour so as to be responsive to their feelings, or even being capable of deceit are all highly useful abilities for social interaction. In an evolutionary context, these social skills and empathy with others would have greatly improved an individuals survival chances and/or reproductive success, ultimately increasing the chances of his genes passing onto the next generation. Such traits would have been a positive asset to the species as a whole. As psychologist Simon Baron-Cohen explained by being able to predict one anothers behaviour, two individuals can work together more effectively thereby improving survival chances (As cited in Clegg 2007, p. 133). Our ancestors who possessed such characteristics would have had a great advantage over those who did not. Thus in accordance with Darwins theory these abilities, over time, would have been selected for. The ability to predict and explain the actions both of oneself and of others, and the ability to mentally put oneself in the place of another is known as theory of mind. It is associated with the ability to manipulate and influence others within a social context both in a positive and in a negative way. These abilities are essential in gaining social status and resources, forming alliances and obtaining sexual partners. Ultimately, they are greatly significant in the role they play in reproductive success and our continued survival as a species. Theory of mind interests evolutionary psychologists because it is fundamentally relevant to modern human behaviour. Psychologists are particularly concerned with its evolution and its role, hence much research has been carried out involving children, those diagnosed as autistic, and non-human primates in order to develop upon hypotheses. Evidence collected from research involving these groups has led psychologists to better understand theory of mind and its functions. A large amount of studies on the aforementioned three groups involve testing deception and false beliefs using a version of the Maxi test devised by Wimmer and Perner (1983). However, there are more modern experiments which have revealed evidence of theory of mind in children as young as 2 years old. Further evidence in the form of archaeological findings, such as signs of burial rituals and evidence of art production has been uncovered. The ability to create imaginary images or the notion of an afterlife would suggest that our ancestors were able to conceptualize the thoughts and beliefs of others. Research evidence from experiments carried out involving children from many different societies and cultures shows that theory of mind is universal, and consequently indicates that it may be an evolved adaptation. Much of the research suggests that it may have evolved because it effected human interaction within social environments which would have benefited humans and their offspring. Those who displayed a strong theory of mind are likely to have improved their chances of survival by increasing their social status, or they may have used deception, or plan ahead to their advantage in order to gain more resources. They may have been able to negotiate dangerous situations by predicting others behaviour, or those with a highly developed theory of mind may have had more success regarding sexual reproduction. We can say then that theory of mind is an intrinsic element of our humanness, with evidence suggesting that its adaptive function is a result of the selective forces of evolution. It is all about enhancing social relationships; a perspective that is supported by a number of researchers (Baron-Cohen, 1999; Byrne and Whiten, 1997; Dunbar, 2003) (As cited in Clegg 2007, p. 138). Theory of mind as a psychological mechanism has been a highly influential factor to the developmental progress of the human race, and unequivocally instrumental to the success of the species.

Usefulness of structural approaches in understanding society

Usefulness of structural approaches in understanding society In this essay, we shall be discussing the 3 main structural approaches in society; Functionalism, Marxism and Feminism, and how useful they are in todays understanding of society. We shall look at the similarities and differences between each approach and critically assess them, by looking at the strengths and weaknesses for each. The key terms and concepts will be mentioned, as well as the key sociologists associated with each approach. The term sociology is defined in the dictionary as the study and classification of human societies. Overall, this is the study of people in different social groups, the way they behave, and how different parts of society influence peoples ideas and social behaviour. Belonging to a social group can affect how we see ourselves and how other people see us. Both of these factors can affect how our life works out. The main groups we tend to belong to are gender, class, ethnicity and age. The first approach we will be looking into is functionalism. This approach is a balanced, social equilibrium. A system in which there is a dynamic working balance among its interdependent parts. The ruling class benefits in every way from the operation of society, they believe in meritoctracy which basically means that they believe that they deserve to have the most powerful positions. The workers get far less than they deserve, but they do not question this due to the way they have been socialised. People are the product of social influences on them. Functionlism is closely associated with Talcott Parsons who was a key sociologist in the 1940s. This approach still provides us with a useful framework for the study of sociology today. Parsons came up with the idea that society is like a human body. Each part of the body has a function to keep it alive and healthy, just like each part of society work together and depend on each other. People are socialised into key values of society such as respect for authority and importance of family life, the result of this is value consensus. Functionalism provides good links between social institutions, it is a simple and clear approach to understand, however it completely ignors the freedom of choice. People have different values and attitudes, as well as the unequal distribution of wealth and power in a capitalist society. A Marxism view on the otherhand views conflict and division as normal features of society. Marxism is based on social class dominant ideology, just like functionalism it is a macro structure which means it is based on a larger scale. Karl Marx was around in the 19th century, he believed that a capitalist society is divided into two groups. All of societys dominant ideologies worked to favour the first group the bourgeoisie (Those with power, the owners of production) against the second group the proletariat (The workers, those without power). Marx also thought the ideologies worked to keep the power balance constant and he called this societys status quo. The relationship between the bourgeoisie and proletariat is however unequal and as such based on conflict. The majority of the population accept the inequalities of the system because of the way that dominant institutions such as religion and educstion justify the economic and social situation. Marx describes them as suffering from false class consciousness due to the fact they are not aware of their real identity, they are exploited by the bourgeoisie. Marxism is a approach which suggests that we are brainwashed by ideology; you must respect authority, if you w ork hard you will do well, you must respect the rule of law. Lois Althusser (1971) was another marxism sociologist. He believed in ideological state apparatus which is basically another term for the agencies transmitting ruling class ideology such as schools and family. A good reason for the marxism approach is that it can account for large scale change, however there are many critisms such as it emphasised too much on conflict. People choose what to do and think and are not brainwashed by ideology. It could also be argued that capitalism has now improved peoples standards of living. The fact woman are now seen as being equal to men in the work place is one result of this. Marxist feminists argued that the ratio of woman to men was directly linked to their position within a capitalist society. Thus bringing us onto discuss our final approach, feminism. Feminism is a conflict between the sexes. It also takes a macro approach to studying society. Feminist sociologists argue that women do not have equal rights to men. There are four main tendencies within feminism; liberal, radical, marxist and black. Liberal feminists look for equilibrium with men and woman, they believe people should be treated fairly and given better paid jobs etc in accordance with theyre skills and effort and not due to what sex they are. Radical feminists believe that we live in a patriarchy society, which means woman are over powered by men. They believe that we no longer need men to procreate due to new technology available. Marxist feminists also believe in patriarchy, in a capatilist society, woman are neglected certain legal rights and therefore excluded from certain areas of work compared to men. Black feminism argue that white feminists ignore the position of a black woman as they have a double disadvantage due to racism and patriarchy. Famous feminism sociologists include Ann Oakley who in 1969 registered for a PHD on womens attitudes to housework, this subject pizzled the academic establishment at the time. She is best known for her work on sex and gender, housework, childbirth and feminist social science. Ann first became interested in feminism when she herself became a subject in the 1960s becoming a mother of two and realising herself how deeply undervalued and isolating womans work in the home can be. Ann believes that we still have ongoing sex equalilty issues today, woman still earn less and have less political power and do most of the worlds menial (but important) domestic work. She also has strong beliefs that gender issues in violence and crime cause huge social problems in todays society. Suggesting that most crimes of violence are committed by men.

Transport In The Future

Transport In The Future Imagine that you wake up the morning and drink a cup of coffee and then enter your car and leave them free rein to take you to the headquarters of your business. Or imagine that you go on family leave, and you drive your car to the path of self-driving cars on the highway, and you press a button and then manages the throne, the direction of the other passengers and start playing cards or watching a movie with l And maybe your sweetie go to the city of Detroit, but it left you have enough leave to cut the trip from Dubai to Detroit. There is a technology jet will be able to take you across half the globe in about two hours so you can spend the weekend with this person dear to Qbaksahih that the technology is still far from enabling us to enter the machine-like trailer phone and move in a jiffy to another place across the other side of our world, most scientists agree that such a dream is not achievable. But we will see in our revolution in the travel allow us access to all parts of th e globe, and beyond the globe. The first changes started to occur already in regard to the most common and essential means of travel: the car. Car technology has become advanced to the point that some with three-dimensional maps include actual pictures to help you reach your kiss desired. There are also cameras installed on the cars allow us to see what is directly behind us and made us the warning signs of drowsiness, we drive a car or if we do not see the car parallel to us on both sides of the road as we move from the path to another. Also available control technology in speed according to the self-traffic conditions or weather, and a range of other entertainment devices. There is also a technology to sail from one place to another voice-and allow us to identify on the road. This says Karl Brauer, editor of Edmunds.com mail, which tracks the rapid developments taking place in the automotive world, that today there are systems for navigation will allow you to print the name of the starting point and the access p oint desired then is take you through the images and voice commands to your kiss, but it remains to be You must drive the car. He adds that this will change eventually, What will happen is that I am I will go to my car and I will set my hand and, to the complex markets, for example, will launch the car in the pre-programmed routes. It would be impossible to cars collide because each one of them know the site the other cars accurately. I can read a book or listen to music during this short trip. One of the great advantages of this system is that all cars will be subject to control through computer, so they can start at higher speeds to reduce travel time to half-time to be the norm. This technology is available thanks to the new radar systems and global positioning systems, which are provided by the car. And that talk of such technology after, as is the case with PDAs (P. de A), computers, video games and cellular phones. Such devices that can help you even if you decide to drive yourself, and wrote that the radar can predict that an accident is about to fall, says Brower. He adds: This technology will do what it takes to Tjnepk the effects of shock was the driver to push a chair back away from the wheel, or they closed the roof top slot to reduce the chance that you or your stuff flying out of the car. High .. Away The problem lies in vehicle travel in many countries of the world in road congestion. The population is growing steadily, and people are buying more cars, roads and reached their maximum expansion. What is the only place that can be resorted to? It is the sky! Does this seem a fantasy too? Nope. Not according to Dr. Paul Mueller, the inventor of the car bodies, he believes we will see a car like this is used in emergency services by police, ambulance and fire services within five years. Then expanded to include the use of commercial services such as parcel delivery service. Mueller is expected to reach these cars revealed in the public sector within 10 years, and we may begin to move our car to the plane, as does George Jitson in cartoon strips. Says MÃ ¼ller: It will start off in front of your doorstep, then you will be redirected automatically to the line of air. And maintain your vehicle at a fixed distance from other vehicles, everyone UNOMSA the same speed because the process is all geared-wire. Will move people from one place to another while reading a book or magazine or a newspaper or playing computer games or doing what they would like to do while being transported from point A to point B . It will be the maximum load of the car is heavenly six people, while the maximum distance will be 1200 km. Because these cars will move quickly revealed more than 500 kilometers per hour, it will go the distance from the city of Boston to Washington DC in less than an hour and a half.There will be no traffic jams. Not only that, but it would be a means of travel is completely safe, as he says MÃ ¼ller: the vehicle itself will be many details on that, incredibly, they will be equipped with several engines and several umbrellas, computers and multiple devices for global positioning. This will be supported by systems in Russia and Europe. Dr. Daniel Golden is expected to head the U.S. Agency for Space Administration (NASA) that is available for this type of aircraft the runway for about 25% of the population of the United States within 10 years and 90% of the population within 25 years. He adds Bruce Calkins is an executive working for Muller, said: Technology will be available that will allow the car revealed that fly on their own, and it will travel in this way is easier than driving a car. It would be possible for many of the flying cars that reside in the atmosphere at the same time without collision thanks to the initiative the way Heavenly Express. It saw the U.S. space agency and the Federal Aviation Administration that it is necessary to make the possibility of a normal person, led by a small aircraft, such as car bodies, likely applicable. Therefore, the two institutions developed a program my computer will allow anyone under the leadership of a small aircraft. Mueller said: I do not think people realize how much we are close to the possibility of finding the area of air is run entirely by computer. Initiative is the way celestial highway, once achieved, will not allow you any discretionary powers in their drive a vehicle in the air. The last thing we want is someone there lacks the expertise or the captain drunk. There is another reason why the launch of the car revealed possible, that he would not be necessary to invest any funds for the construction of new infrastructure. Muller says: The beauty of this idea that they would not need 50 years to build a network of highways, it is all in the end the equipment and software. We should remember here that the construction of new infrastructure is a problem faced by the development of trains, Mag Lev high-speed and extremely efficient. They rush at high speed high off the tracks in several inches, while remaining connected to them by the magnet. Says Ray Bilukwiyn Vice President Al Arti K. and Associates, one of the largest engineering design firms in the world, one of the reasons that may prevent the transport systems between the public and achieved in the future is the high cost of building new tracks. Bilukwiyn says: The government should provide funding. For this to happen, we need a generation of people say: I am tired of spending four hours in travel every day. Faster than a bullet Although the idea may be the heavenly car on the ground, but it will not solve the problem only travel over the average the distance traveled by buses and trains. But what about crossing the Atlantic Ocean to the other side of our world? Has made the U.S. space agency test engines running at speeds exceeding five times the speed of sound of planes and arrived in speed to the speed of Mac -15, or 15 thousand kilometers per hour. This technology will make the farthest reaches of the globe in only two hours away. Charles Mclinton former chief technology officer for a NASA Hyper-X in the center of Langley technology that hypersonic is boom five times in the future of transportation, it will revolutionize air travel. He adds: You can day breakfast in Boston, and lunch in Los Angeles. Imagine that you eat lunch in Boston and dealing with breakfast in Tokyo. You can today to receive the parcels sent to you the day before from many places in the world. Imagine that you receive the package at the same the day it shipped. We see astronauts today as they rampaged through space. Imagine being able to go to space travel portal and travel through space with the same degree of security that travel across the land. The technology that hypersonic five times could turn this dream to reality. Mclinton say that the engines that operate combustion technology that ultrasonic motor is the only effective and that exceed the speed of the speed of a Mac 5. He adds: On this level of speed, the aircraft flying at higher levels in the atmosphere. And if the plane was flying at speeds of Mac 10, it will fly at a height of about 30 km in the atmosphere, and the trip from New York to Tokyo, less than two hours. is likely to require these high speeds out of the atmosphere and then enter it in the vicinity of the place of access. One of the advantages inherent in traveling at higher speeds and higher on the paths is the presence of a greater number of airways that aircraft could travel through it. A further advantage for the design of aircraft faster than the speed of sound is five times higher reduction of noise means that aircraft can fly over the earth, as in the case of aircraft normal. And will become the technology ultrasonic high-speed is standard for air transport in the end. However, the Mclinton says it is likely that there will be military applications in the beginning before they develop the technology to the first plane-like spacecraft capable of being used again. The next stage after that, it will extend the reach of this aircraft for global military and civilian. Clinton adds: I think that this technology will be available for service within 10 years, while operations will take further development and commercialization of a longer time, about 50 years old will be more than sufficient to achieve this. The vehicles that run on combustion mode ultrasound bridge between the science of aviation and space exploration. Has become the aircraft speed ultrasound is high the next space shuttle, or, at least, a tool launch vehicles in space. Says Mclinton: The vehicle-speed ultrasound high is the next generation in aviation science, studies show that the launch systems developed from this pattern could have done everything that you do space shuttles and the additional advantages. Goshen does not exceed 1 / 5 weight shuttles regular and cost does not more than 1 / 10 of the cost. and that the risk is much less in terms of not more than 1 / 1000 of the risks as well as the usual high flexibility. These can generate speeds of vehicles to be launched outside the atmosphere, but would be able to launch or landing in any large airport because it is more secure than the rockets. Has become the key to this is the space tourism industry. The need for fuel But the scene is not without its skeptics. Many of them point out that we will continue to be dependent on fossil fuels. Whether its cars or cars or heavenly planes and combustion ultrasound, we are still in the communities dependent on oil. Says Tom Mast, author of more than a barrel: A concise guide to the oil shortage Over a Barrel; A Simple Guide to the Oil Shortage Our use of oil will be restricted during the 60 years since there will be cars and other media for transport fuel derived from oil for decades But we need to develop other fuels for vehicles that use ground fuels derived from oil at the earliest possible opportunity. We have not done enough efforts in this regard; problem is we do not do what is necessary. We still do not approach the issue with the seriousness required. The reason for our need for alternative forms of energy to ground transport such as cars and trains is the lack of models of vehicles until the aircraft that use alternative energy. There are no many options in this regard in the present. May become an effective source of hydrogen and capable of growth. However, currently requiring greater amounts of energy to convert it into fuel than those provided by us. Mast believes that the wave of the future will not be traveling in cars or planes divine the ultrasonic high speed, flying from New York to Sydney in two hours, but movement in the electric cars. Says Mast: hybrid cars working with electricity will have batteries larger enable the car from a distance of 100 km. Then youll be able re-shipped from your home. Studies have shown that most people do not drive their cars for more than 100 km per day. This means that it would bethe average person can use fuels not derived from oil in several days. But these hybrid cars will be equipped with operating electric tank of gasoline so that one can switch to if the need to travel for more than 100 kilometers. These vehicles like hybrid cars available in the market now. It will be more expensive but will not use gasoline at all. But if we start to use electric-powered cars, we will need to generate more electricity. This means: more fuel to generate more electricity. Well need to support network for electric cars because they can not go the same distance traveled by the vehicle fuel derived from oil. Mast believes that true innovation in the future will be in this area, vehicle of the future will be more efficient in terms of energy consumption. It will not fly in the air but will go longer distances, using less energy. And adds Mast said: the greatest inventions of the future will be in the area of energy storage. But how do we store energy in a car? At the wheel include the operating system enhances the kinetic energy? Or by using hydrogen? Or using batteries? Solution may be in other ways not thought of yet . Whether it is a car electric car or a plane or space jets or ultrasonic high speed, the forms of travel are going to change dramatically in coming decades. And will become the means of transport more efficient, faster and more far-reaching, and will become the world a smaller place than it is today. egad you satellite you and your family safely to the beach at 200 kilometers per hour. Helped the successful experience of the U.S. space agency to launch an experimental aircraft traveling at 5 thousand miles per hour, increasing hopes of a revolution in transportation in the future. There is no doubt that transportation plays a vital role in our lives may affect many of the decisions such as selection of site of the house where we lived and the places where we spend holidays. Scientists say NASA The plane pilot called X-err -43 make the world seem much smaller. The success of the experiment to some predicted that one day take a flight from Britain to Australia just two hours. But, apart from considerations of cost, the government is always concerned about the environmental impacts of such innovations, but it may hamper the use of technology that could harm the Earths environment. And does the future hold any revolutions on the means of transportation? What are the ideas? Is it possible for her to see the light of day? Flying cars The development of light aircraft technology will make it possible to acquire each individual car is a plane containing the cabin closed and heating system and a place for two people. Possible to separate the wings and complete the journey on the ground Can this car take off from a field or a highway and when you access can be separated wings are installed and complete the journey on the ground. Advanced engines and reduce costs as would maintain the environment. Does that happen? It is not unlikely. Pegasus face competition for the manufacture of light aircraft are already built cabins are closed, and some of the aircraft can travel at speeds exceeding 130 miles per hour for four hours. Says Bill Brooks, president of Pegasus that the cost of a combination of a light aircraft and a small car is about 30 thousand pounds sterling. But jumps to mind the possibility of accidents in the air. Usually prevent the Meteorological Agency of British light aircraft flying, and have allowed only during daylight hours and there must be a path to take off and landing as well as to learn to fly is not easy. There is also a question about the development of driving machines that can make the cargo safely. Rocket jet Use the James Bond rocket jet carrying on the back to escape from Castle France in one of his films. Luther, as the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games in Los Angeles in 1984. Rocket jet costly And you will be able to use rockets jet, the size of Asitwanti Diving bear on the back, short trips, perhaps to go shopping .Can also be used to clean the windows in the floors high and access to non-traditional concerts. Does that happen? Although there are models which, it is still hard to produce cheap copies of expensive and unreliable in practical uses. Taxis without drivers These can be controlled by the electronic transfer of passengers to cross paths fixed. Cardiff have tested the use of taxis that operate online Otser these cars and a speed of 25 miles per hour and walking path will be secured by fencing on both sides of the road to prevent accidents. There will be no waiting times for taxis, which will leave the stations and are used to pay the flight by using a prepaid card. And decreased consumption of those vehicles, which will be on the way to meter-wide and a half, for energy by 75% compared to the car and 50% compared to the bus. Does that happen? There is a good chance to appear in the future. Were tested in Cardiff, where he hopes to processors in the production of 160 of these vehicles to operate by 2006. Said Martin Lawson, CEO of Ultra that there was interest from other regions. Such as some airports. But the difficulty lies in convincing investors and political support of the project, in addition to the possibility of sabotage of vehicles. Environment-friendly cars Cars of the future will be less harmful to the environment significantly and will be equipped with devices to reduce future incidents. And can operate vehicles using reactor fuel waste. The cars will look more rotated by safety laws. And will be equipped with sensors to track pedestrians and other cars and airbags inside and outside. He may be the way to identify them by satellite, it might be possible to control traffic flow through the talk between the cars to regulate the traffic flow, which means the end of traffic jams. Does that happen? Society says that manufacturers and sellers of cars has already been developing fuel-cell vehicles. And expects the Assembly to see the models, including twenty years working on hydrogen will come out with only water. But it will be many years before the spread of new cars, and it will take a long time to bear the improvements that were introduced from both sides of safety and environmental effects. The technology used is still experimental. There are doubts about the conviction of car manufacturers and their ability to produce them. Maglev train outstanding Cut off the trains that use electromagnetic technology, the distance between cities at speeds of 260 miles per hour, twice the speed used by travelers in Britain. Maglev train is already in use in China Will run the train on the tracks above a certain electromagnetic cushion reduces grinding bars. Does that happen? Operates the first train of this kind already exist between the city of Shanghai and Pudding Airport in China. Was reached to this technology in Britain and held the line between Birmingham International Airport and railway station nearby. But was sacked in 1995 because it was not practical. But the costs of running this type of trains forced Chinese authorities to cancel the establishment of a similar line between the capital Beijing and Shanghai. There is very fast trains operating in Europe, Japan and the speed of the speed of approaching trains, but on the electromagnetic bars. Transition to the new era in more like universe to move into an era of imagination. Cars and aircraft flights into space and fuel electric, all that makes the future of travel and like an extension of the movie from the science fiction movies, but this future is much closer than we think or expect. Imagine that you wake up the morning and drink a cup of coffee and then enter your car and leave them free rein to take you to the headquarters of your business. There is a technology jet will be able to take you across half the globe in about two hours so you can spend the weekend with this person dear to your heart. Ive been around the computer and the Internet in advance to the world a smaller place by allowing us to engage with others in the information anywhere, anytime. It is true that technology is still far from enabling us to enter the machine similar to a trailer and move the phone in a jiffy to another place across the other side of our world, most scientists agree that such a dream is not achievable. But we will see in our revolution in the travel allow us access to all parts of the globe, and beyond the globe. The first changes started to occur already in place for the most common and essential means of travel: the car. Technology has cars are advanced to the point that some with maps of three-dimensional including images of real help you reach your kiss desired, there are also cameras installed on the cars allow us to see what b ehind us directly and warning signs that made us sleepy and we drive a car or if we do not see the car parallel to us on both sides of the road as we move from the path to another. One of the great advantages of this system is that all cars will be subject to control through computer, so they can start at higher speeds to reduce travel time to half the time required norm. This technology is available thanks to the new radar systems and global positioning systems, which are provided by the car. And that talk of such technology yet, as is the case with PDAs (P. de A.) computers, cellular phones, and can this device help you even if you decide to drive yourself, and wrote the radar can predict that an accident is about to fall . The beauty of the idea that they would not need 50 years to build a network of highways, it is all in the end the equipment and software. We should remember here that the construction of new infrastructure is the problem faced by developing trains Mag Lev high speed and the amount of efficiency. They rush at high speed high off the tracks in several inches, while remaining connected to them by the magnet. This idea is planned for one of the largest engineering design in the world, one of the reasons that may prevent the systems of mass transportation and achieved in the future is the high cost of building new tracks, and for that to happen, we need a generation of people say: I am tired of spending four hours in movement per day. Transport is the most important pillars of economic structure which is the essential foundation for the development of economic activity when any of our network I slavery and modem means of transport must find the economy of this state in very advance This was the development and transportation along with the evolution of man on this earth and increasing requirements of various commodities and complexity of economic systems. The idea of Transport stated that the man was carrying things on his back or withdrawn on the ground, has been found that the withdrawal of anything on earth will be easier in the case of the ground smooth, or if placed on the crawler and pull crawler itself, and then developed this idea to develop the veins wooden cylindrical bottom crawler for easy rolling and this idea is the main reason for the invention of the wheel. The pharaohs built the pyramids to withdraw blocks on the ground and put it in place with the work of special passages with a tendency to gain access to the alleged required. And then use the rights of animals in transport. Given the nature of the geographical conditions was credited with the invention of the ancient Egyptians sailing Almjaddavip and use of transport in the River Nile for more than five thousand age

Process Essay - Preparing Dinner for the In-laws -- Expository Process

Preparing Dinner for the In-laws We have all had those dinners with our in-laws, or in-laws to be, that we detest. The following steps will ensure that the in-laws never accept another invitation to dinner at your house. Please understand, the invitation must still be extended, as that is a spouse's duty; however, they will not accept the invitation again. In preparation for the evening, there are several crucial steps. For the process to be effective, some research may be involved. Start by gathering as much information as you can about your in-laws likes and dislikes; focus on the dislikes is crucial, and be certain to exclude anything on the list of likes. Schedule the dinner on a day that will allow for several hours of preparation. First, It is a good idea...

Outlaw Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone Now Essay example -- Argument

Outlaw Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone Now    For a moment, put yourself in John Elway's shoes. Imagine getting paid thousands of dollars to do a milk promotion. Now, would you still do the promotion if you knew the milk had come from a cow injected with hormones? The use of rBGH, Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone, has become a concern in the dairy industry. The controversy is over whether or not the hormone is harmful to the cows and people. In animals and humans, there is a growth hormone produced. This protein hormone, produced in the pituitary gland, is fundamental for normal growth, development, and health maintenance. It was discovered sixty years ago that by injecting cows with GH, the growth hormone extracted from cattles' pituitary glands, milk production was increased. Using recombinant DNA processes, it became technically possible and economically feasible to produce an abundance of rBGH, which is essentially the same as pituitary derived bGH (Rachel. "Report..."). On November 5, 1993, the United States Food and Drug Administration, FDA, announced rBGH safe for use in milk cows. In February 1994, Monsanto, a chemical company, began selling its version of the drug to dairy farmers. Their form of the drug was to increase milk production by 5% to 20% (Rachel. "Hormones..."). The Consumers Union, an independent, nonprofit testing and information organization serving only consumers, made claims and presented evidence that byproducts of the hormone treatment are weighable in milk and are not safe for humans or the cow ("About..."). Today, the Consumers Union wants genetically engineered milk to be labeled so that milk consumers are able to make an informed choice about the milk they are purchasing (Rachel. "Ho... ...tp://www.enviroweb.org/issues/biotech/bgh/nogood.html, December 12, 2000. "Monsanto." Monsanto.com. [online], Available: http://www.monsanto.com/, December 13, 2000. Rachel. "Hormones in Milk: No Right to Know". RACHEL'S Hazardous Waste News #381. [online], Available: http://rachel.enviroweb.org/rhwn381.htm, March 17, 1994. Rachel. "Trouble with Milk." Milk. [online] Available: http://www.gn.apc.org/inquirer/milk.html, February 29, 1996. "Report on the Food and Drug Administration's Review of the Safety of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin." Report on the Food and Drug Administration's Review of the Safety of Recombinant BGH. [online], Available: http://www.biotechknowledge.com/showlib_us.php3?1308, January 21, 1999. "We're Starting a Food Fight!" Ben & Jerry's rBGH. [online], Available: http://www.benjerry.com/bgh/index.html#what, January 7, 1997.

Capital Punishment for Women that Have Abortions :: abortion argumentative persuasive argument

Capital Punishment for Women that Have Abortions    Abortion is the worst thing a woman can do against human dignity. It is a crime against life. No woman has the right to kill a new living being. Many countries ban abortion and many institutions fight against it. Abortion is immoral and it should not be legalized.    Abortion is also a threat to the mother's health. A woman can suffer an infection or internal bleeding. She could also become sterilized, the permanent inhability to bear a child. Abortion not only kills the baby but may kill the mother too. During an abortion, despite the use of local anesthesia, 97% of the women report severe pain, and if a more powerful drug is used she could suffer dangerous side effects. Many complications are common after an abortion, like inflammation of the reproductive organs. As well, there is strong evidence that abortion increases the risk of breast cancer. Women that abort increase their chances of getting breast cancer by 50%, and teenagers with no previous pregnancies that abort after the 8th week increase their probability by 800%. Unicef states that 250,000 women die every year because of legal and illegal abortions: 75,000 of them die of self-inflicted abortions; 75,000 die of convulsions; and the other 100,000 die of blood poisoning caused by an infection of the uterus.   Therefore, if abortion is legalized there will be not only more fetal murders but also more mothers will die.    None of the methods women use to abort are completly safe. One of the most common methods used is Suction Aspiration. The doctor uses a special tool to suck the baby into a collection bottle. Great care must be taken to prevent the uterus from being damaged, which would cause hemorrhage. A woman with hemorrhage will need a blood transfusion that could cause her AIDS. Also infection may easily occur if fetal tissue is left behind in the uterus. Another method used for babies as old as twenty four weeks, is the Dilation and Evacuation. Sharp jaws are used to grasp different parts of the unborn baby which are then torn away. The skull of the baby must be crushed to facilitate the procedure. Another technique used by a lot of pregnant women is the RU486.

Olympia Sanctuary Essay

The sanctuary of Olympia lies in the alluvial valley formed by the confluence of the rivers Kladeos and Adelpheos, bounded to the north by the wooded hill of Kronos. The sanctuary of Zeus is located in the northwest part of the Peloponnese. Olympia can be identified as a non-urban sanctuary, and consequently, as a Panhellenic sanctuary. The use of the term Panhellenic, in present purposes, indicates a major shrine in a Greek territory that is not dominated by a major polis or ethos. Zeus’ sanctuary was under the government of Elis, and, in the early period, Elis was considered a weak government. In the Greek world, all communities were religious, and, worshipping the gods, as well as taking part in religious festivals, were occasions for different groups to meet together. The location of the sanctuary of Olympia, makes it a good place for meeting and competitions between rival individuals and states. H.A Shapiro (2007) has stated that ‘a truly Panhellenic shrine was, in Pindar’s phrase a pandokos naos, an â€Å"all welcoming temple† (Pindar Pythian 8.61-2): it was open, in theory at least, to everyone.’ From this sentence we can deduct that, the Panhellenic shrine is the literal antithesis of a polis: it is Greek, civilised, but it stands in the place where the polis is not. Franà §ois de Polignac (1995) has argued that ‘the sanctuary, the place where two worlds meet, is accordingly seen as the stable point where a controlled passage from a world to the other is possible’ ; so, non-urban sanctuaries ‘manifest the integration of deities who from being potentially hostile, become beneficent for the communities that makes room for them within its religious life’. In ancient greek, the words used to define a sanctuary were: hieron (sacred), and temenos (from the verb temno which means ‘to cut off’ , in other words it suggested the idea of a place set aside). The greek words for defining a sanctuary underlined the idea of a sanctuary as a sacred area, a place away from the world of humans in which the gods were venerated. 3. Plan of the Sanctuary of Zeus, Olympia (http://shelton.berkeley.edu/175c/OlympiaPlan.JPG) * The early years and the votive objects During the eight century we assist to a gradual transformation of the sanctuary from a rural shrine, into a Panhellenic sanctuary. Catherine Morgan identifies this fundamental transformation in two main reasons. The first one was considering Olympia as a good location ‘for conspicuous consumption by aristocrats, via athletics and votive offerings’ . The second one, was that, shrines like this one, ’helped to resolve internal conflicts in the emergent states by means of their oracles’. However, the presence of votive deposits datable around 800 BC ca, suggests that Olympia was originally used as a meeting place for chiefs from Arcadia and Messenia, to make offers to the gods in order to have success in battle, to celebrate victories, and to give thanks for good fortune. During the eight and the seventh century, we can see a consistent increase in the number of votive objects. According to Franà §ois de Polignac (1995) the quantity and the quality of the offerings dating from the eight and the seventh century is an index of the popularity of religious acts in intra-urban sanctuaries. Among the most popular offers, we can identify: figures of animals and mythological beasts (such as: griffins, sphinxes, birds and bulls), figures of warriors (probably as a symbol of the victories of their donors), pieces of armours, and terra-cotta and metal figurines of horses and chariots. The use of metal and terra-cotta, indicates the presence of wealthy citizens, because the sanctuary lies in a landscape dominated by cliffs and rocks. On the other hand, offers of sheep and cattle, indicate activities of the lower classes. There is also the presence of bronze tripod cauldrons (Fig. 4), that were probably made in the home communities of their donors. Tripod cauldrons, indicate the religious activities of population that were living far away from the place of the sanctuary, and, most likely, these objects were an index of their wealth. Morgan (1990) has argued that ‘in the eight century costly dedications at Olympia served a domestic political purpose by reinforcing the position of the elite within the emerging state’. 4. Reconstruction of a large tripod in bronze, with horse handle attachments. Original fragments from the sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia, later eight century BC. Olympia, Archeological Museum. Photo: A. Loxà ¬as During the eighth century, surprisingly there is no presence of pottery. This suggests that, probably, in the early years, the sanctuary was more related to individual purposes, than communal values. However, in the seventh century communal activities became important, in fact, plates, jugs and cups were used, whilst dedications of tripod cauldrons diminished. The temple of Hera, or Heraion, (Fig.3 ) is located in the north of the Altis (the sacred precinct). The Heraion is the oldest peripteral temple in the sanctuary: it was built around 590 BC. The architecture of the temple falls in the category of the early Doric style. The temple is a rectangular chamber with a peripteros of six by sixteen columns. (Fig. 6) These columns were originally made of wood, but throughout the years, were replaced by columns made of stone. This temple is considered significant, because it marks the transition from the construction with mud brick and wood, to the use of the stone. To the east of this temple stood a row of eleven (possibly twelve) thesauroi, overlooking the Archaic stadium, and built mostly in the sixth century. (Fig.3) ‘A treasure house, or thesaurus’ is a ‘small temple like building, built by individual states to hold the offerings of their wealthy citizens’. However, a thesaurus, cannot be considered just as a strongbox to hold gifts for the gods. The thesauroi were a way for the elite to bring a little bit of the polis into the Panhellenic shrine throughout costly dedications, and, also a way to show their economical power, and, at the same time, a religious interest. H.A Shapiro stated that ‘these buildings transform upper-class extravagance into civic pride’. The oldest treasury at Olympia, not surprisingly, was built in 640 BC. by a tyrant: Myron of Sicyon, probably in order to commemorate a chariot-victory. This treasury contained two thalamoi mad of bronze, and in these chambers there were inscriptions that, according to Pausanias (6.19) ‘had been dedicated by Myron and the demos, or commons of Sicyon’. The bronze was probably brought from Tartessos in far-off Spain, and it probably represented a way for Myron, to boast the maritime power of his city. The lower classes and the tyrant were collaborating together in order to accomplish the dedicatory practices of the wealthy. The history of this thesaurus, furnishes evidences to display in our mind a picture of the workings of the archaic tyranny. * Olympic games The Olympic games are traditionally dated to 776 BC. , but we cannot identify it as a precise date. They were a festival held every four years at the same time of the year, to commemorate Zeus. The games were not just an athletic event, but, they were deeply related to religion, and open only to Greek males. The actual prize for Olympic games, was just a wreath to be worn around the head, dedicated to a favoured god. In case of victory, winners were allowed to erect statues representing a replica of themselves in the shrine. This tradition is datable around the 544 BC., but, most likely, it may go back much more earlier. The prestige obtained after and athletic victory was a great source of power for athletes, that , back in their hometown, were celebrated with poems, free meals, cash, choice seats at city functions. This was happening because, with their victory, they were bringing glory to their hometown. However, some lyric poets, such as Xenophanes (fr. 2.1-22), believed that the society was giving excessive rewards to athletes, whilst the wisdom of poets was not really considered. Xenophanes claimed that, even wise poets, should receive recognitions from the society as well as athletes. In the end, we cannot deny that Olympic games, were an occasion to gather athletes, as well as citizens from all over the Greek world. The cycle of games, represented ‘a means by which the ideology of Panhellenism was spread’. * Conclusions An answer in why we investigate Greek sanctuaries, may be found in the fact that they constituted the main ‘physical manifestation of the belief system of the ancient Greeks.’ Religion during the Archaic period , as evidenced by the literary sources, was a consistent element in the everyday life of Greeks. ‘The â€Å"establishment of a state-framework for pilgrimage† was a political and ideological process’, and, ‘dedications, inscriptions, buildings, stones, statues, anecdotes, and poems are the material traces of this process’. Analysing religion, helps us to understand also social and economical aspects of the greek culture. Therefore, studying sanctuaries is a good way to clarify our understanding of how greek religion was practiced. Bibliography * S. E. Alcock and R. G. Osborne (eds.), Classical Archaeology, (Chichester, 2012) * John Pedley, Sanctuaries and the Sacred in the Ancient Greek World (Cambridge, 2005) * H.A. Shapiro (ed.), The Cambridge companion to Archaic Greece, (Cambridge University Press, 2007) * Franà §ois de Polignac, Cults, territory, and the origins of the Greek cirty-state, (University of Chicago Press,1995) * M. L. West (tr.), Greek Lyric Poetry (Oxford, 1999) ——————————————– [ 1 ]. H.A Shapiro, The Cambridge companion to Archaic Greece Cambridge University Press, 2007, (p. 226) [ 2 ]. Franà §ois de Polignac, Cults, territory, and the origins of the Greek city-stat, University of Chicago press,1995 (p.36) [ 3 ]. H.A Shapiro, The Cambridge companion to Archaic Greece, Cambridge University Press, 2007 (p. 226) The author quotes Catherine Morgan. [ 4 ]. H.A Shapiro, The Cambridge companion to Archaic Greece, Cambridge University Press, 2007 (p. 228) Morgan 1990, 102 [ 5 ]. A Peripteros is a temple surrounded by a portico with columns. [ 6 ]. H.A Shapiro, The Cambridge companion to Archaic Greece, Cambridge University Press, 2007 (p.240) [ 7 ]. H.A Shapiro, The Cambridge companion to Archaic Greece, Cambridge University Press 2007 (p.241) [ 8 ]. H.A Shapiro, The Cambridge companion to Archaic Greece, Cambridge University Press 2007 (p.244) [ 9 ]. M. L. West (tr.), Greek Lyric Poetry, Oxford, 1999 (p.p.157-158) [ 10 ]. John Pedley, Sanctuaries and the sacred in the Ancient Greek world, Cambridge University Press, 2005 (p.134) [ 11 ]. John Pedley, Sanctuaries and the sacred in the Ancient Greek world, Cambridge University Press, 2005 (p.1) [ 12 ]. H.A Shapiro, The Cambridge companion to Archaic Greece, Cambridge University Press 2007 (p.251)